Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox, Kyrill I. in March 2022
A fairytale is always something perfectly, unrealistically good. It also talks about fundamental truths about the human condition. The "moral of the story" always comes at the end of a struggle and tells you how the storyteller wants you to behave as a true member of our human tribe. Don't judge a book by its cover, honor your ancestors, don't pick greed over friendship or the importance of love and family. We all know them and we can all relate to them. These stories are often thousands of years old, like Red Riding Hood (ca 1000 years), Beauty and The Beast (ca 4000 years), Jack and the Beanstalk (ca 5000 years) and one of the oldest known fairytale, The Epic of Gilgamesh, which is about 6000 years old. 5500 years before we invented printing, 4000 before we invented paper and 2000 before we first wrote a story down.
Movie companies understood this global appeal very well and became rich by simply visualizing existing folklore like Snow White and similar stories. They were existing as verbal culture and in some cases were told for thousands of years and shared in different versions in different regions in different languages all over the world. That's why they were so popular, because the plot has been refined for humans sitting together in groups to verbally pass on these stories over generations, over such a long time. Nowadays, our folklore is represented by a never ending Marvel Hero series which was acquired by Disney in 2009. The newest branch of Marvel Hero movies is recycling folklore stories about fairytales from formerly worshipped gods. Like the 2021 released movie called "The Eternals", which focuses on a group of gods fighting evil. One of them is Gilgamesh, which I found out by accident. Apparently he's not that good, he can just smack stuff really hard and is the funny guy of the group. I saw a top 10 rating on YouTube, he was last place. Weak god.
In the actual story (or rather poem) captured on a set of stone plates found in areas of today's Iraq, Gilgamesh was the king of Uruk, an ancient city in the area known as Mesopotamia which is an ancient civilization that prospered next to the Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq around 4000 BC. Research about the topic is still ongoing, as the story was spread over a vast number of stone tablets, about half a million were discovered and only about 10% have been deciphered. So we are in the setting of one of the most advanced civilization of that time which invented agriculture (including a sophisticated irrigation system), writing (on clay tablets) and the 7 day week (first known appearance is the "Umma calendar" from the 21st century BC). They tamed nature at a time when Europe was still in the stone age (that's not a metaphor). Their belief system was polytheistic as they believed in many gods who belonged to different caste including half-gods like Gilgamesh. Scientists are confident that Gilgamesh actually existed, which means he contracted people to write this ancient poem that puts him at the center of the story as the perfect, strong and wise ruler. Even though he is described as a tyrant in the story, who among other things had the "right of the first night" after every woman's wedding in the city he ruled.
The Bible consists to 78% of content from the old testament (929 chapters old vs. 260 chapters new). The old testament takes some of it's key elements from a 6 thousand year-old story featuring creatures like ogres, zombie conjuring prostitutes and a scorpion man. Which is no wonder, given the fact it was around the time people invented the wheel (literally) and died with an average age of 30. Humans in this region just became settlers during the bronze age. Its stories inspired existing (e.g. Christianity, Islam, Judaism) and former (e.g. Greek gods) religions, including many of their characters. Just like it inspired non-religious texts like the Odyssey of homer (considered one of the worlds most influential stories) or "The Eternals" from Marvel in 2021. A story of a power hungry and woman raping tyrant who does not want to accept he is a mortal just like the rest of us. Whose claim to power is based on the god given divine right of kings. It's time to realize that religion is just one fairytale amongst many and does neither differentiate from them nor provide any benefit to human life that couldn't be immediately replaced with something better.
Let's explore the story, narrated by the bright Andrew George, Professor of Babylonian, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.
Once upon a time, there lived a giant of a man named Gilgamesh. He was twice the size of a normal man and was very strong. He was also quite vain and considered himself a hero, often boasting about his many accomplishments. One day, the gods decided to create a companion for Gilgamesh to keep him in check. So they created a man named Enkidu, who was just as strong and brave as Gilgamesh. The two men quickly became best friends and soon set out on a great adventure. Along their journey, they encountered many obstacles and creatures, such as the Bull of Heaven and the monstrous Humbaba, who they had to battle. Eventually, they triumphed and Gilgamesh returned to his city as a hero. But then tragedy struck when Enkidu died and Gilgamesh was overcome with grief. He set out to find the secret of immortality so that he could be reunited with his friend. After many failed attempts, Gilgamesh eventually found a plant that would grant him eternal life. But just as he was about to take it, a giant serpent snatched it away from him. Gilgamesh was so angry, he cursed the serpent and it slunk away. This story of Gilgamesh has been partially incorporated into more modern religious texts. The story of the serpent taking away the plant of life is a retelling of the biblical story of Adam and Eve. The Bull of Heaven is similar to the story of the Golden Calf from the Bible, and Gilgamesh's grief over the death of his friend is echoed in Jesus's grief at the death of Lazarus.
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Human TLDR: Gilgamesh is king in Uruk. Uruk, an ancient city in the south of Babylonia, now Iraq. He was an imposing giant figure, kingly, heroic, glorious. Gilgamesh was king, but he was a tyrant. He was an autocrat, who had his own way and abused his rights as a king... He's a tyrant, this man, because he's been given power and he uses it absolutely. And the gods listen to the complaints of the town of Uruk and they send a wild man down, who is in every respect the image of Gilgamesh, except that where Gilgamesh is a man of the city.
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Enkidu - and that is his name - is a man of the wild. The poet has to find a way of bringing Enkidu to the city. To meet Gilgamesh so that he can divert his superhuman energies and stop him from abusing his people. And this is done through a sequence of events involving the seduction of Enkidu by a prostitute (Sodomy and Gomorrah). His humanization, turning from an animal into a man and his socialization, first of all, in the shepherd's camp where he learns to eat and drink like a human being and is clothed and then his humanization into society, his socialization in the city itself.
Entered “PRIMITIVE TYRANT WRESTLING WITH A FAUN AT URUK CITY SQUARE” as keyword into AI image generator from Midjourney
So Enkidu comes to Uruk, the city of Gilgamesh fully intent on teaching Gilgamesh a lesson because he's heard about Gilgamesh's tyranny. And like all instinctive beings, he has a feeling of unfairness. You know, it seems to me that even small children understand the concept of fairness intuitively and Enkidu falls into that category. He meets Gilgamesh determined to stop his abuse, they fight, they struggle. They come to a standstill. Neither is the winner, but they recognize in each other a bosom friend and that is what they become and remain.
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Enkidu and Gilgamesh team up and they leave town to go on an adventure to the Cedar Forest where the ogre Humbaba who guards the Cedar Forest over in Lebanon. Gilgamesh and Enkidu resolve to go there to do him to death and to fell his cedars and bring them back to Uruk. And so they do. And that is their first glorious expert of heroism.
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The second one if when they come back to Uruk after defeating Humbaba and chopping down his cedars. And Ishtar, the goddess of Uruk, is so impressed with the beauty of Gilgamesh that she falls in love with him, if she can fall in love and that is a difficult proposition for a goddess like Ishtar, who is in fact a prostitute. She is attracted by his physique, his manliness, his beauty and she proposes to him that he marry her. And he says "No, no one but a fool would marry a prostitute like you. Look at what's happened to your previous lovers. They've all come unstuck, I will have nothing to do with you".
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And she, as the goddess of his town Uruk is absolutely insulted by that and runs up to her father in heaven and says "give me father the Bull of Heaven with which to teach Gilgamesh and Enkidu a lesson and if you don't, I shall scream so loud that the dead will arise from the netherworld and eat the living. The first, I think, occasion in human literature where zombies have been brought into play. Well the zombies are something that her father doesn't want walking around the earth. He's rather they stay in the netherworld. And he gives his daughter the Bull of Heaven the constellation Taurus, a fiery bull in the sky (origin of minotaurs).
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She brings it down to Uruk where it causes much damage, but in the end of course, Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat it and slay it. And that is the point of the greatest achievements of this pair. They have slaughtered an ogre in the Cedar Forest and they have slaughtered the Bull of Heaven. But neither is it an unambiguously glorious thing to have done, because the ogre was placed in the Cedar forest to protect the Cedar by the gods and the Bull of Heaven, well, is the Bull of Heaven, also belonging to the gods.
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And while they are having a banquet in the palace after these events, the gods are in council and Enkidu lies down to sleep and he witnesses the council in a dream. And the gods determine that because these two heroes have behaved badly, overstepped the mark, one of them shall die. And the one that shall die shall be Enkidu. And so Enkidu falls sick and after a long illness in which he is partly raving and having dreams of the netherworld, he dies. Now Enkidu was Gilgamesh's lover. They loved each other ( Chapter 1, Tablet 1: "You loved him and embraced him as a wife"). And the death of Enkidu beings about a huge change in Gilgamesh. He has lost the human he loved most in all the world. And this drives him crazy, not just because he has lost his friend, but also because he suddenly understands that death is real. And he fears for himself.
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What grows in him is a horror of death, because he knows that he too, like Enkidu, will die. And he is driven to go on a mad quest to the ends of the earth to seek the secret of immortality. Because he knows that far away somewhere beyond the ends of the earth, there still lives an ancestor of his who was once king in Sumer. A different city, not Uruk, but not far away. But who still lives thousands of years later and is in fact immortal. And Gilgamesh reasons that if there is one human who become immortal, perhaps he could do that as well and get what he wants. An evasion of his own death.
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And so he sets out for the ends of the Earth. And in the end he gets there. He's taken across the waters of death into the presence of Utnapishtim, his ancestor, who lives immortal beyond the end of the world with his wife. And Utnapishtim explains to him the fact of his own immortality. The fact that this immortality was given to him by the gods, because they didn't know what else to do with him when Utnapishtim survived the great flood long ago in human history, when the gods resolve to wipe out mankind. And nearly succeeded, except that one among their number told Utnapishtim to build an ark. Get all his family aboard, all the seeds of living things. Yes it's the story of Noah. It's the Babylonian original. Utnapishtim tells this story to Gilgamesh and says "I'm immortal because the gods didn't know what to do after that with me, so they put me on this island far away and gave me immortality like them. But that's not going to happen for you. You can't become immortal as I have, because it was a one-off solution to a one-off event.
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But why don't you try to stay awake for a week? Just to show - just to demonstrate whether you're even ready to conquer death. See whether you can conquer sleep. Gilgamesh, who has been traveling for months and months without having a wink of sleep says, of course I can do that and immediately falls asleep. And it's demonstrated to him by the fact that he hasn't eaten for seven days, the food that's been put for him that he has slept for a week. And he is distraught and he realizes then, he begins to realize that he's not going to become immortal anytime soon. In fact, not at all. So Utnapishtim sends him on his way home, having failed in his quest for immortality, but tells him where he can get some kind of compensation. Not immortality, but a plant that when he eats it will make him young again. A plant of rejuvenation.
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And Gilgamesh dives to the bottom of the ocean, plucks the plant, but he doesn't trust what he's been told. He's very human, this Gilgamesh, as we'll find out. And he says "I'll put this in my belt and take it home to Uruk and when I get there I'll try it out on a young man. If the young man gets young again, then I'll know it works and I'll take some myself". So he goes home and on the way, just before getting to Uruk, there's a nice pool. And he's tired and dirty and hot. And so he puts his things by the side of the pool and goes in for a dip. One of the things he puts besides the pool is the plant of rejuvenation. And the snake, sniffing the fine scent of the plant, wiggles out from where he'd been hiding, picks up the plant of rejuvenation in it's mouth and wiggles away again. And as it wiggles away, it sheds its skin. And at that point, Gilgamesh knows two things. He knows, first of all, that what Utnapishtim had told him about the properties of this plant was true. But he also knows that he himself having had this plant in his hands has now lost it for good and failed completely. And with that, he goes home. And that's the end of the story.
There's an 3.8 billion year long unbroken line of succession to produce you. More than 3 billion years of that, our ancestors were single celled organisms which still exist today and are called "blue algae" but are actually bacteria... 65 million years ago, a meteor killed most large animas, an extinction without which we wouldn't exist. Killed us into existence, if you will. Home Sapiens emerged just around 200k years ago or so and are born with a ticking clock that counts down how long we can experience this incredible miracle of life, after which we will not experience anything ever again. A clock that used to tick just about 30 years in the Bronze age when religion was invented and now ticks 80+ years in the industrialized world. How does this change impact our view of the world?
"The endurance of religion as a lens through which most people view moral questions has separated most moral talk from real questions of human and animal suffering. This is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage and not about genocide, or nuclear proliferation or poverty or any other hugely consequential issue. But the demagogues are right about one thing: We need a universal conception of moral values" - Sam Harris
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